Micronutrients are required in trace amounts but play vital roles as cofactors and coenzymes in metabolic pathways. Water-Soluble Vitamins
Cells utilize glucose through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Excess glucose is polymerized into glycogen within hepatocytes and skeletal muscle tissue via glycogenesis. Once glycogen stores are saturated, excess carbohydrate inputs undergo lipogenesis, converting into triglycerides for long-term storage in adipose tissue. human nutrition lecture notes jimma university pdf
: Caliper measurements of subcutaneous adipose depots (triceps, subscapular sites) used to estimate total body fat percentage. Micronutrients are required in trace amounts but play
Proteins form the structural matrix of collagen, elastin, and keratin. They act as biocatalysts (enzymes), transport vehicles (hemoglobin, albumin), immunoglobulins, and peptide hormones (insulin). When carbohydrate and lipid energy substrates are depleted, proteins undergo deamination; their carbon skeletons enter gluconeogenesis or the TCA cycle, yielding approximately of energy. They act as biocatalysts (enzymes)
Achlorhydria (reduced gastric acid secretion) limits the cleavage and absorption of dietary Vitamin B12cap B sub 12 and non-heme iron.