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From the springs in your car suspension to the drill bit that pierced your wall, heat treatment decides whether a piece of metal will shatter like glass or bend like a willow. Let’s dive into the fiery heart of this process.

The annealing, normalizing, and hardening processes all include steps at temperatures above the metal's upper critical point, while tempering is always conducted at temperatures below the metal's lower critical point.

: Heating to refine grain structure and improve mechanical properties. Hardening (Quenching) : Rapid cooling to form martensite and increase hardness.